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Availability is crucial to the security of distributed systems, but guaranteeing availability is hard, especially when participants in the system may act maliciously. Quorum replication protocols provide both integrity and availability: data and computation is replicated at multiple independent hosts, and a quorum of these hosts must agree on the output of all operations applied to the data. Unfortunately, these protocols have high overhead and can be difficult to calibrate for a specific application’s needs. Ideally, developers could use high-level abstractions for consensus and replication to write fault-tolerant code that is secure by construction. This paper presents Flow-Limited Authorization for Quorum Replication (FLAQR), a core calculus for building distributed applications with heterogeneous quorum replication protocols while enforcing end-to-end information security. Our type system ensures that well-typed FLAQR programs cannot fail (experience an unrecoverable error) in ways that violate their type-level specifications. We present noninterference theorems that characterize FLAQR’s confidentiality, integrity, and availability in the presence of consensus, replication, and failures, as well as a liveness theorem for the class of majority quorum protocols under a bounded number of faults. Additionally, we present an extension to FLAQR that supports secret sharing as a form of declassification and prove it preserves integrity and availability security properties.

 

Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) protocols are designed to ensure correctness and eventual progress in the face of misbehaving nodes [1]. However, this does not prevent negative effects an adversary may have on performance: a faulty node may significantly affect the latency and throughput of the system without being detected. This is especially true in speculative protocols optimized for the best-case where a single leader can force the protocol into the worst case [3]. Systems like Aardvark [2] that are designed to maximize worst-case performance tolerate byzantine behavior without necessarily detecting who the perpetrator is. By forcing regular view changes, for example, they mitigate the effects of leaders who deliberately delay dissemination of messages, even if this behavior would be difficult to prove to a third party. Byzantine faults, by definition, can be difficult to detect. An error of 'commission', such as a message with a mismatching digest, can be proven. Errors of 'omission', such as delaying or failing to relay a message, as a rule cannot be proven, and the node responsible for these types of omission faults may not appear faulty to all observers. Nevertheless, we observe that they can reliably be detected. Designing protocols that detect and eject nodes is challenging for two reasons. First, some behaviors are observed by a subset of honest nodes and cannot be objectively proven to a third party. Second, any mechanism capable of ejecting nodes could be subverted by Byzantine nodes to eject honest nodes. This paper presents the Protocol for Ejecting All Corrupted Hosts (Peach, a mechanism for detecting and ejecting faulty nodes in Byzantine fault tolerant (BFT) protocols. Nodes submit votes to a trusted configuration manager that replaces faulty nodes once a threshold of votes are received. We implement Peach for two BFT protocol variants, a traditional pbft-style three-phase protocol and a speculative protocol, and evaluate its ability to respond to Byzantine behavior. This work makes the following contributions: (1) We present and prove a necessary and sufficient constraint on cluster membership guaranteeing that any nodes causing performance degradation via acts of omission will be detected. (2) We present an agreement protocol, PEACHes, in which replicas pass votes about their subjective local observations of possible omissions to a TTP. (3) We show how the separation of detection and effectuation allows fine-grained detection of malicious behavior that is compatible and easily integrated with existing systems. (4) We present DecentBFT, an extension of BFT-Smart to which we added a speculative fast path (similar to Zyzzva) and integrated PEACHes. (5) We show DecentBFT rapidly detects and mitigates a variety of performance attacks that would have gone undetected by the state of the art.